Title

The Other as the Other in Zhuangzi’s Philosophy: Reflections Centered on the Theory of Self-Cultivation

Author

Yang Rur-bin

Genre

Article

Pages

225-264

DOI

10.6503/THJCS.202406_54(2).0001

Download

PDF

Language

Chinese

Key words

Zhuangzi, self-cultivation, the other, knowledge in ignorance, the origin of things, individuality

Abstract

Zhuangzi is often regarded as an authority in the realm of spiritual cultivation. This article explores Zhuangzi’s theory of self-cultivation and identifies two distinct approaches: one focuses on the transformation of consciousness, known as the “Inner Chamber” practice, while the other centers on the transformation of materials, referred to as the “Craftsmanship” practice. Both methods can achieve a state of transformation where the boundaries between the self and the external world blur, leading to a sense of unity. Zhuangzi’s state of unity transcends cognitive boundaries and erases the distinction between the self and the external world, creating a realm of spiritual emptiness. However, the concept of “nothingness” in this realm is a linguistic expression of consciousness, rather than a denial of existence. On the contrary, it elevates and preserves the essence of all things, including the innate essence of material substances, often referred to as the “primordial essence of things.” The “primordial essence” is a paradoxical concept, simultaneously devoid of substance and possessing substance, while the “Inner Chamber” of the mind represents “knowledge in ignorance.” When this state is realized, there exists an intrinsic coexistence between the self and all things, returning both to their original essence. In Zhuangzi’s worldview, the other, or external entities, receive affirmation within the framework of existence, leading to harmony between the self and the material world.